Method for producing aluminum, beryllium, chromium, magnesium, and alloys of these metals



u v Sept. 9, 1941. Q KRUH 2,255,549

, METHOD FOR PRODUCING ALUMINUM, BERYLLIUM, CHROMIUM,

MAGNESIUM, AND ALLOYS OF THESE METALS Filed 061). 6, l 59 PUMP JEV/CE v i I INVENTOIR 0.5/45 ff/PUH I BY 2 I I I. J

ATTORNEYS Patented Sept. 9, 194-1 METHOD FOR PRODUCING ALUMINUM, BE-

RYLLIUM, CHROMIIUM, 'MAGNESIUM, AND ALLOYS OF THESE METALS Osias Kruh, Brooklyn, N. Y.

Application October 6, 1939,.Serial No. 298,189 In Germany October 6, 1938 7 Claims.

This: invention relates to the metallurgy of metals-such as aluminum, beryllium, chromium, magnesium and the like, as well as. to. their alloys; and has for its object certain improvements inthe method of manufacturing. such metalsand their. alloys, as well as certainJvaluabl'e byleproducts produced. during the practice of the invention.

"The metal's aluminum, beryllium and magnesiuma're'manufactured at present by electrolyzingfused salts, necessitating the use of very high currents of" low' voltage and of comparatively. small furnace units. The material from which thesetmetalsare gained must be chemically pure, as z'otherwise' impure metals result. Pure .chromium iis manufactured byreducing pure chromium-oxide with aluminum powd'en;

w ltrhasalso, been proposed to produce these I metals;.by..reducing theirioxides with theaid of carbonate, high temperature- My .United States Patents2,090,45.l and 2,121,084 describe the reduction of aluminum oxide. and of beryllium oxide by. the aid of carbon in: a stream of'hydrogen at'a temperature higher than the'boiling points ofthose'metals. Since carbon monoxide isformedsimultaneously,'it is necessary touse arsufiicient. amount of inert gas, such as'hydrogen :oriargon, inthefurnace .and in the space themetallic, vapors passv before they condense, beeausezcotherwi'se the metals tend to re-oxidize. HOW6Ver,.. this' .re-oxidation cannot be icntirely avoidedsince .acertain,though very small, part of; those-metals. is re-oxidized, Even'this very small .per centage of oxygen in :the condensed metal-. causes 5, serious. difilcultiesi because the metal ,oxide' assumes the shape of a thinfilm. or membraneg-perhaps of atomic dimensions as regards its thickness, which envelops. the metal particles; So even a small amount of oxygen suffices toseparate a large amount of metal par-' ticles irom each other. The melting points-ofthose metal oxides being high, it is quite diflicult 'toobtaima coherent liquid bath of the metals, everr when heating them far above their: melt-J 'ing;;points Mypresent invention has for its pass. :Ihisis effected by reducing the metal 'oxides w thjthe vaid of carbon under pressure sufficiently;hishi.to. revent the metals from distilling at the temperature of reaction. As soon as the carbon monoxide is removed, the pressure is lowered, the metals are distilled an'd their vapors are condensed in a suitable receptacle.

If, for instance, aluminum is to be manufactured, a mixture of aluminum oxideand carbon is put into a furnace of the general kind described by Hutton and Petavel in Phil. Trans. of the Royal Society 207 (1908) 446, but with many changes and improvements necessary for the practice of this process. Electric energy is made to enter the furnace, and when the temperature of the charge is so high that all water is removed,

the outlet of the apparatus is closed'and the temperature' of the charge is raised to about 2300" C. At this temperature, aluminum oxide is;re duced, and on account of the evolving carbon monoxide, a pressure of atmospheres is soon obtained, so that aluminum, which boils at one atmosphere at 2270 0., remains in a liquid state in the furnace. A manometer shows the pressure in the furnace, and when the pressure of- 100'atmosph'eres is obtained, the outlet of the furnace-is opened so that this pressure remains continuously in the furnace during the reduc-- tion. v This may be effected automatically ifthe pressure varies between two values, and this variation is used to actuate the opening or closing of the outlet of the furnace. As soon as the manometer does not fluctuate in its indications,

the reaction is nearly finished.

Dry preheated hydrogen, or other gas that is inert under the conditions, such as argon, of equal pressure and of equal temperature is then conducted into and through the furnace, by the aid of which-carbon monoxide is removed from the furnace and fromall parts connected with it through which the metallic vapors pass and wherein they condense, This is ascertained by chemical or spectroscopic analysis of the outflowing hydrogen. If the hydrogen should form an objectionable amount of acetylene under any given set of operating conditions, whichwould in turnform carbides with the metal vapors, it is best to use argon.

The vapor pressure of aluminum at a temperature of 2300 C. is less than two atmospheres, so that the outflow of carbon monoxide would removefrom the furnace continuously a certain amount of aluminum which would cause a loss ofza certain percentage of aluminum. This loss may be diminished by raising the pressure in the furnace to 300 atmospheres. For this'rea son, I use another way that does notnecessitate such high pressures.

Alumimun oxide is reduced readily at temperatures lower than the boiling point of aluminum. If enough carbon is present, all of the aluminum oxide is reduced and converted into aluminum carbide. Otherwise all of these constituents are found: aluminum, aluminum oxide and aluminum carbide. Since the vapor pressure of aluminum carbide is. lower than that of aluminum, a lower pressure of carbon monoxide may be used during the reduction. As soon as the reduction is finished, the same process with hydrogen is employed, as before, and as soon as carbon men.- oxide cannot be ascertained in the 'outflow-in'g hydrogen, the temperature of the aluminumicar bide is raised to 2300 C., the aluminum carbide decomposes and aluminum boils. The aluminum vapor is conducted together with the hydrogen to the condensing chamber, wherein it is-liqui fied and forms a coherent liquid body. The carbon' present in the aluminum carbide remains in-thelfuruace and maybe used for the second charg. e:.; This; process does not requires'more energy; since the result is the same: aluminum and carbon monoxide.

,ThfigDl'OCESS of reducing the oxides of aluminum, beryllium; magnesium and chromium by the aidjofit-carbon at a high temperature? under pressure anddistilli'n-g those metals after carbon monoxide has: been removed from the furnace and from the other parts of the apparatus, results in 9 many advantages. over the other proposals referring's'to' .the electrothermal manufacture of those-metals. In accordance with the present process;:;the.metali is vaporized into an atmospherezfre'e of oxygen so that the metallic vapor passes the/space between the furnace and the place :iwhereinit: condenses without oxidation.

drogen'rtor the temperature of reaction, and the cost; ofiseparating the hydrogen from the admixed carbon monoxide are therefore not considerable".-

If"; thezreduction is performed at a certain minimunripressure', the dust. in the furnace stays there and does 'not. stop up its outlet, nor does it deposit in thecond'ensing chamber.

According to a presently preferred practice of theinvention, the condensation of the 'vaporized metal is efiectecl in a molten salt, which does not attack the condensed metal. The specific weight of the salt should be lower than that of the condensed metal, so that the liquid metal may settle .to the bottom of the bath of fused salt. The melting point of the salt should exceed that of the condensmg metal, for example, by a hundred' degrees. In case of the manufacture of aluminum, molten cryolite is well adapted for the purpose; but'other salts of similar properties may be used. for the same purpose. It is very converrient to heat cryolite by the action of high frequency current. Since cold cryolite is a nonconductor, it is necessary to melt it outside of the container and to pour the hot cryolite into the container. 0r, if aluminum is added to'cryolitc, the: highfrequency current fuses first aluminum, which, inturml fuses the cryolite,

infusing. metals by high frequency currents,

the surface-of the molten metal stands higher in its centre than in thefin eighborh'ood of the wall of: thercontainen': This effects a motion'of the molten metal from the central part of the furnace to the'wall of the container, and from there to its bottom. I use this phenomenon, which also takes place in fused cryolite, if heated by high frequency current, to remove the condensing metal particles by the aid of the flow of cryolite from the center of the surface of the fused cryolite to the wall of the container, and from there to its bottom. A continuously renewing surface of molten salt is, therefore, offered to the arriving and condensing metal particles. As soon as the contents of aluminum are enriched, the metal particles fuse to larger drops, which settle at the bottom of the container and form there a coherent body. The aluminum may be tapped in a manner well known to the art. Since the container of cryolite is filled with hydrogen of a high pressure, a suitable sluice is providedfor the tapping of the aluminum. This method allows thecondensation of aluminum in a space instead of on a cooled surface. The heat of condensation (it-aluminum which is set free may be used. for the; preheating of the. hydrogen. This is an improvement over the method of condensation described: i'n'my above mentioned United Statesv patents;

In. the case of. the. manufacture of other metals; other fused salts should be used. For instance, in the case of magnesium, magnesium fluoride or double salts of magnesium fluoride and. magnesium chloride are advantageously emplayed in. which to condense magnesium vapors; but'other salts of similar properties may of course be used for the same purpose.

Contrary to the electrolytic. processes for manufacturing pure metals, no pure raw materials are required in this process. Furthermore, whereas the electrolytic industry requires a certain amount of carbon of the highest quality for its electrodes to manufacture a given amount of these metalsg'in accordance with the present process'rthe' same amount of metals may be produced with substantially the same amount of carbon, butzof low quality, such as ordinary coke, so far as impuritiesare concerned. It is to be noted that coke contains some impurities which are li-kewisereduced'. If, for instance, the coke contains ofaluminum oxide, 5% of iron oxide, 6% "of silica and 2% of water, there remains for the: reduction of aluminum oxide only 75.32% of active carbon; This process allows the use of ores of the metals that are to be manufactured. If the'ore is too poor, it should be enriched by the. methods well known in the art. Instead of chemical processes I use electric energy for the separation of the metals from the impurities not wanted. The impurities are converted into valuable byproducts that pay for the additional use of electric energy.

. In. the accompanying drawing, I have illustrated diagrammatically an apparatus illustrativeof a practice of the invention. Briefly, the apparatus consists of an induction furnace l, a conduit 2, and a condenser 3 appropriately connecting one another. Each unit is covered by a metal casing t, is also provided with'a sep arate series of current and water-carrying copper tubes. 5' embedded in an appropriate layer of insulating material 6, such as beryllium oxide adapted to withstand very high temperatures. Each series of" tubes is connected to a transformer (not shown) and a source of electrical current, so that each unit may be heated by in duction.

' Referring to the specific construction. of the reduction furnace, it will be seen that it is provided with a-removable top I,- the core 8 -consisting'of material, such as tungsten, adapted to withstand high temperatures. A passageway 9 xtencls' centrally through the top, and connects with the passageway of aconnecting member ID secured' 'to the-furnace top, into which a fixed plug H -is screwed. A valved conduit l2 of small diameter extends through'the plug for the intrcduction'of a stream of inert gas adapted to sweep theconduit 9 substantially clear of prod-- nets of reduction which tend to accumulate therein'.

temperature indicating device 13 is associated with the top of the reduction chamber, and-advantageously consists of a photo-electric bulb'l4 and a pair of leads I connecting the bulb;with the'temperature indicator; the bulb being located directly over a passageway It extending through the plug H, in alignment with the passageway 9. The'passa'geway I6 is provided witH-a'suitable quartz window l1 adapted to let light pass from the reduction furnace to the-bulb l4; The top may be'removed from and non leakably 'sec'ured to the main reaction chamber b'y'the'i'is of removable bolts [8. v}

'Tl'rreduction'chamber is provided at its sides and bottom with a graphite lining l9, the bottom portion" 20, also of graphite, being inclined, as -s'hown:', in'order to cause its contents to flow toward and-into an opening2 I at the bottom of the chainben' The opening is in turn provided with a removabie mg 22 suitably attached to a plug inserting and'removing means 23 of conventional constriction} i ,7

The opening 2| communicates with a suitably insulated passageway 24 leading into a heat insulat'edfreceptaele 25 adapted to receive liquified products bf reduction from the reaction chamber, such fferro silicon'and the like. This receptacle is provided with'a removable plug arrange-' merit 26\,'similar to the one above described. As

i s indicated 'by the drawing, non-leakable joints are provided so that pressures may be builtlup in thesystem. I

Tliefeoriduit :2 is also provided ,with a graphite liningand-'extends from near, the topoff the. reduction hainber to the top'of the condenser, as shown extension conduit 12! runs, from the nduit2 well into the interior of thet'on tremor/auspice 28 similar in constructionv to.

l 7 shown by the drawing, the above-described apparatus is suitably equipped'with con duits and means for supplying a continuous stream of inert gas, such as hydrogen or argon, succes sively through the reduction chambenthe et ane he condenser. .The drawing shows v t y al, metal container or bottle. ,29 I m 4 eo'ntain a supply of theinert gas. A condui 3t connects'the outlet of the tank with th e'reduction chamber, andis also provided with a'-va'1ved'outle t 3[ adapted to connect with the oqnuuit'tz; provided in the plug ll of the reductio ru'mace. I

"A yalvedconduit 'fl extends through the upper portion of the condens'er, and connects with a valved' -outlet-33 for the removal of undesirable I carbon monoxide and other gaseous reaction products from the system. This conduit advantageously connects with suitable receptacles for the collection and treatment of the carbon monoxide. 3

Another conduit 34 connects with a purifying device 35, a conduit 36, a pump 31, a valved conduit 38, which in turn connects with conduit 30 leading through a preheater 39 into the reduction chamber. Said purifying device is adapted to remove such gases as nitrogen, oxygen and moisture. Suitable chemicals for this purpose are molten aluminum, magnesium and other similarly reacting metals.

From what has been said above, the operation of the apparatus in the practice of the process of the invention will be quite clear. A charge 40 of the ore of the metal to be treated in oxide form, and an appropriate amount of carbonaceous reducing agent, such as coke, is introduced in the reduction chamber 4|. The top I may be removed for the introduction of the charge, or the charge maybe passed through the passageway 9 on removing the connecting member ID or the plug H. In order to remove silica from the charge, an appropriate amount of iron filings are admixed with the ore and'carbon. The iron combines with the silica to form a ferro-silicon alloy with the aid of the carbon. The iron also acts.v as a conductor for induced electric current and tubes are cooled by passing water therethrough,

in a manner known to the art. As the charge reaches its reduction temperature, carbon monoxidis'formed, and perhaps some other reaction easesjrhe charge is maintained under. a predeterminedland 'sufficiently high pressure to retain the 'redueed metal within, the reduction zone until the reaction has gone to substantial completion'. In a modification of the process, par ticularly for the productidnof such metals as aluminum, beryllium, or their alloys, and chromium, the oxide of themetalto be treated is heated j p sence of a sufiicientamount of the carbonaceous reducing agent to form a carbide of the metal, the charge being maintained at a predetermined pressure andtemperature to assure the formation of a carbide of the metal, and its retention as such; so that the metal carbide is not decomposed 'orvaporized at that temperature and pressure.

- As the reaction continues in the reduction chamberfaby-p'roduct 43, such as ferre -silicon, is formed, which collects at the bottom of the chamber. f This is tapped by means of the withdrawal of' 'plug 22, when the ferro-silicon runs into and is'deposited within receptacle 25; Dur-, ing' this operation, the system is maintained under appropriate pressure, as will be shown by the pressure indicating device 44.

An inert 'gaa such as hydrogen or argon, contained in metal bottle 29 is then fed through conduit 30 and the preheater 39 into the reduction chamber 4| at a temperature and pressure equal'to that maintained within the chamber. A sufficient amount of the inert gas is thus introduced tosWeep outcarbon monoxide still left in the system. For. this purpose, the inert gas passes: in, through'and over the charge into the free space above the charge, thence through conduit 2 into the condenser 3, from which it passes through conduits 32 and 33 to the open atmosphere or preferably to a holder or container for subsequent treatment to recover or utilize. the valuable carbon monoxide.

. After.. the carbon monoxide has thus been removed .from-the system, the valve in conduit 33 is closed, pllmpt'l is-put in operation", and-a continuous stream of inert gas is passed successively through the reduction chamber, the conduit and the condenser. The inert gas leaving the condenser is passed through the purifying device 35,

in-which'oxygen, nitrogen and moisture are re moved. -A certain amount of the gas is by-passed through; conduit 3|, and passed into and downwardly-through the passageway 9 in order tosweep the passageway clear of products of reduction that would otherwise tend to collect therein-.-..-

' The temperature of the reduced metal in the reduction chamber isthen raised to its boiling point ,while--;still maintaining the system under pressuree ln the-case of the. metal-carbide, the

; temperature; is raised untilthe carbide is decomposed-and-metal "vapor is evolved. In either case, the-resulting metal vapor is passed in the presence of -the inert gas from the reduction chamberthrough the conduit to the condenser 3, invvhioh, the metal vapor iscondensed; Due to the fact; that the specific gravity of the, fused;-

' mQltemsaltin-n the condenser, is lowerthan thatof the metal to be recovered, the condensedmetal particles coalesce and merge into a liquid that settles .o. t. at the bottom in the form of a layer 4.5,.- .whi maybetapped as desired.

.After;the. charge in the reduction chamber has been,;.treated in the manner indicated, a new charge'is introduced. If, during the production of metal from the previous charge, the metal. was converted to. acarbide, the decomposition.

results'inlthe releaseof carbon or graphite parsimilar properties.-v

Example 1-' I If-aluminumis to be gained from bauxite, the ore-the electrolytic. industry generally uses, the

bauxite may contain more than 3%, of silica, a limit .for, chemical purification as now-in use. In theUnited. States an electrothermal process is.in'use ,-.by means of which chemically pure aluminum oxide, or nearly so, is manufactured forthe electrolytic process. According to this process the impuritiesof; the ore bauxite-and of the coke are reduced and an alloytherefrom is for-medi ns istingef iron, silicon, titanium and some aluminum. :This alloy isa by-product of theiproc s, and the sale ofit nearly-pays the c t;

inum.

- te -r nd p lratleiam u F r. t purp e. special furrocess. processlmodifyin such r thatit canbe used for the direct manu-,

tainsa. considerable amount of wail furnace being closed, the pressure rises therein on account of the evolved carbon monoxide, and likewise-in the condensing chamber connected 2 with the furnace by a tube that can be heated to a temperature higher than the boiling point of the metal to be gained, until a pressure of 100 atmospheres. is reached. This pressure is kept up during the reduction and distill;ati0n by the mechanism mentioned, while the surplus of car- Preheated dry hydrogen of equal temperature and equal pressure isled into the furnace, and the carbon monoxide is removed from the furnacecontainers for the purpose of recovering the hy- As soon drogen according to known processes. as the last traces of carbon monoxide are removedfrom the. furnace and from the condensing chamber, thetemperature of the aluminum. carbide is". raised to 2300" 0., at which temperature it decomposes and aluminum distills and condenses. in the condensing chamber. traces of aluminum carried away by the out; flowing hydrogen are retained by electrical and mechanical sieves; from which they are removed by dipping in fused cryolite. I During the reduction and distillation, the..-pressure in the furnace is kept at least ,at"such a value that unreduced particles and graphite stay in the furnace. The. graphite remaining from the decomposition ofathe aluminumcarbide is v almost's'ufficient fortlie aluminum carbide of a. new charge, so that only a small surplus of coke is required in all the following charges. 100 kg. of bauxite. of the. composition above mentioned. give 35 kg. of aluminum, 20. kg. of a ferrotitano-silioon alloy, consisting of 15 kg. of iron, 2 kg. of titanium and 3 kg. of silicon. The coke used inthe reduction gives in addition, 1.1 kg. of aluminum, which joins the aluminum of the bauxite, 1.9 kg. of iron, and 1.8 kg. of silicon, which join the alloy gained from the bauxite, and to this.75.25 kg. of carbon monoxide.

Example 2 In the case of manufacturing bery1lium, I use th'ore beryl as a material to start with; Accord-- ing to its chemical formula 3BeO-.A12O3.6SiO.z;- it

' beryllium] The amount of coke must be so calculatedthatberyllium and aluminum carbides areform'ed and silica is reduced to silicon. Iron filings are added in orderto form a ferro-silicon alloy, preferably containing 75% of iron, as this The last actuarial:

alloy melts at a comparatively low temperature. The reduction is performed in the same manner as in Example 1, the pressure in the furnace is about 100 atmospheres, and the temperature of the first reaction is about 2100 C. The silicon forms with the added iron an alloy which fuses and settles at'the bottom of the furnace, as described. As soon as the reaction is finished, hydrogen is added as before described, and the temperature is raised to about 2300 C., at which temperature the carbides of beryllium and aluminum decompose, the metals beryllium and aluminum vaporize and condense in the condensing chamber containing a fused salt, such as the double salts of sodium-beryllium fluoride, at a temperature of 1300 C. The result is an alloy containing about 33% of beryllium and 67% of aluminum. The separation of both metals is accomplished by distilling this alloy in vacuo containing hydrogen of mm. pressure, at a temperature of 1530 C. at which temperature beryllium sublimates, while aluminum remains in the residue. 100 kg. of beryl give 5 kg. of beryllium, kg. of aluminum, 97.9 kg. of a ferro-silicon alloy and 117 kg. of carbon monoxide.

Example 3 In the case of manufacturing magnesium from the ore magnesite by reducing it with coke, it is to be considered that magnesite is composed of magnesium carbonate with some impurities consisting of about 4% aluminum oxide, 5% iron oxide and 2% of silica. So the ore has to be first freed from carbon dioxide, by heating the ore up to 500 C., at which temperature the whole of the carbon dioxide is removed and accumulated in special receptacles, from which the gas is transferred to steel bottles by means of pumps which compress the carbon dioxide to such a ,pressure that it becomes liquid, and is sold as such. The remainder of the ore is mixed with coke in such proportions that magnesium oxideis reduced to magnesium, the aluminum oxide from the ore and the coke to aluminum carbide, the iron oxide to iron, and the silica to silicon. Preferably so much iron filings are added that a ferro-silicon alloy is obtained containing 75% of iron. The temperature of reaction is 2300 C., at which temperature all of the reactions are performed. On account of the very low boiling point of magnesium, a pressure of about 300 atmospheres is to be maintained during the reduction. As soon as the reaction is finished hydrogen is led into the furnace, which removes the carbon monoxide. The pressure is then lowered to about 50 atmospheres, at which temperature both magnesium and aluminum boil, while the alloy remains in the furnace and is tapped off. The condensing chamber contains fused calcium fluoride and magnesium chloride. The liquid alloy of magnesium and aluminum is brought into a distilling apparatus, from which magnesium is distilled off, while aluminum remains in the residue. 100 kg. magnesite give 44.88 kg. carbon dioxide, 26.01 kg. of magnesium, 2.54 kg. of aluminum, and with 2 kg. of iron filings added, an alloy of 8 kg. of ferro-silicon'and 38 kg. of carbon monoxide.

It will be clear to those skilled in this art that a great saving of heat can be effected by circulating the inert gas from the condenser to the reduction chamber. As the gas leaves the condenser it is highly heated by the heat given up by the metal vapors as they condense. To prevent substantial heat loss, the gas carrying conduit, and its intermediate devices, are well insulated.

I claim:

1. In the manufacture of metals selected from the group consisting of aluminum, beryllium, chromium, magnesium and alloys of these metals, the improvement which comprises subjecting the oxide of the metal to reduction in the presence of a carbonaceous reducing agent, maintaining the charge under a predetermined and sufiiciently high pressure to retain the reduced metal within the reduction zone until the reaction has gone to substantial completion, introducing an inert gas in amount sufiicient to sweep substantially all of the carbon monoxide and other gaseous products of reduction from the system, raising the temperature of the reduced metal to its boiling point while still maintaining the system under pressure, passing the resulting metal vapor in the presence of the inert gas from the reduction to a condensing zone, and condensing the metal vapor in the presence of the inert gas to form a molten bath of the metal.

2. Method according to claim 1, in which the charge of metal oxide and carbonaceous reducing agent is admixed with iron, and high frequency induction current is employed to heat the charge to the reduction point of the metal oxide and the boiling point of the metal.

3. Method according to claim 1, in which the inert gas is preheated to substantially the tem perature of the charge and passed into the reduction zone at substantially the same pressure under which it is maintained.

4. Method according to claim 1, in which a stream of the inert gas is continuously and successively re-circulated through the reduction and condensing zones.

5. Method according to claim 1, in which the metal vapor is condensed within an inert molten bath of salt having a specific gravity less than that of the condensed metal.

6. In the manufacture of metals selected from the group consisting of aluminum, beryllium, chromium and alloys of these metals, the improvement which comprises subjecting the oxide of the metal to reduction in the presence of a sufficient amount of carbonaceous reducing agent to form a carbide of the metal, maintaining the charge under a predetermined and sufficiently high pressure to retain the metal in carbide form, introducing an inert gas in amount surficient to sweep substantially all of the carbon monoxide and other gaseous products of reduction from the system, raising the temperature of the reduced metal to its boiling point while still maintaining the system under pressure, passing the resulting metal vapor in the presence of the inert gas from the reduction to a condensing zone, and condensing the metal vapor in the presence of the inert gas to form an iolten bath of the metal.

7. Method according to claim 1, in which the reduction is made to take place at a pressure sufficiently large to cause an outlet from the reduction zone of the furnace to be kept open.

OSIAS KRUH. 

